John Fitzgerald Kennedy was one of the most influe Essays

John Fitzgerald Kennedy was one of the most influe Essays Jfk John Fitzgerald Kennedy was one of the most persuasive individuals ever. Numerous individuals loved him in light of his insight and his way with individuals. On November 22, 1963, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was riding in Texas, in his vehicle, when he was shot dead by Lee Harvey Oswald. Kennedy was an extraordinary president, he additionally spent time in jail for his nation. Kennedy was an extremely savvy man, he His representative figure spoke to all the appeal, energy and confidence of youth as he drove a country into another period of success. From his introduction to the world into the amazing and powerful Kennedy tribe, much was normal of him. Kennedy was conceived on May 29,1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts. His dad, Joe, Sr., was a effective representative with numerous political associations. Designated by President Roosevelt, Joe, Sr., was given the seat of the Protections and Exchange Commission and later the lofty position of United States diplomat to Great Britain(Anderson 98). His mom, Rose, was a caring housewife and took youthful John on visit trips around noteworthy Boston finding out about American So 2 progressive history. The two guardians dazzled on their youngsters that their nation had regarded the Kennedys. Whatever benefits the family got from the nation they were told, must be returned by playing out some help for the country(Anderson 12). The Kennedy family included Joe, Jr., Bobby, Ted and their sisters, Eunice, Jean, Patricia, Rosemary, and Kathleen. Joe, Jr., was a noteworthy figure in youthful John's life as he was the figure for the greater part of John's deference. His more seasoned sibling was a lot greater and more grounded than John and took it upon himself to be John's mentor and defender. John's adolescence was loaded with sports, fun and movement. This all finished when John developed mature enough to leave for school. At thirteen years old, John ventured out from home to go to an away school just because. Canterbury School, an all inclusive school in New Milford, Connecticut and Choate Preparatory in Wallingford, Connecticut finished his basic education(JFK 98). John graduated in 1934 and was guaranteed an excursion to London as a graduation blessing. Before long, John turned out to be sick with jaundice and would need to go to the medical clinic. He spent the remainder of the summer attempting to recuperate. He was not so much well when he began Princeton, a little while later in the fall of 1935. Around Christmas the jaundice returned and John needed to drop out of school. Before the following school year started, he told his dad he needed to go to Harvard(JFK 98). Nearby, youngsters took enthusiasm for legislative issues, social changes, and occasions in Europe. The US was pulling out of the Great Depression. Hitler's So 3 Nazi Germany followed forceful regional development in Europe. It was as of now that John originally got mindful of the tremendous social and financial contrasts in the United States. In June 1940, John graduated cum laude(with commendation or qualification) from Harvard. His theory earned a magna cum laude(great acclaim)( JFK 98). After graduation, John started to send his paper to distributers, also, it was acknowledged on his subsequent attempt. Wilfrid Funk distributed it under the title Why England Slept. It turned into a hit. John, at twenty-five, turned into an artistic sensation. In the spring of 1941, both John and Joe, Jr., chose to join up with the furnished administrations. Joe was acknowledged as a maritime air cadet yet John was turned somewhere around both the military and naval force on the grounds that of his back difficulty and history of illness(JFK 98). After months of preparing and molding, John reapplied and on September 19, John was acknowledged into the naval force as a work area representative in Washington. He was nauseated and applied for an exchange. In June 1941, Kennedy was sent to Naval Officers Training School at Northwestern College in Evanston, Illinois and afterward for extra preparing at the Motor Torpedo Boat Center at Melville, Rhode Island. In late April 1943, Lieutenant John F. Kennedy was placed in order of a PT 109, a quick, light, assault create in the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific. Kennedy saw activity as night watches and took an interest in adversary bombings. On August 1, 1943, during a standard night watch, a Japanese destroyer impacted in the

The Effects of Communication on Children of Divorced Families Essays

RUNNING HEAD: The Effects of Communication on Children of Divorced Families. Research project The Effects of Communication on Children of Divorce Tonya Duran New Mexico State University-Carlsbad The impacts of relational abilities between separated or isolated guardians on kids, is critical to the vast majority of society on the grounds that a great many people have separated from guardians or have relatives that are. Everybody knows somebody who has managed separate in their family and it impacts all kids included and individuals associated with those youngsters. Tragically, it is a consistently developing circumstance in the United States. It is significant for the guardians and all required to impart profitably to enable the youngsters to develop and have great relational abilities themselves. The impacts of correspondence boundaries can be extremely hindering to childrens social aptitudes and their capacities to work profitably is numerous circumstances they may experience sometime down the road. At the point when families are confronting divorce or have chosen separate from the circumstances before would already be able to hurt the youngster, yet what comes after can influence them more. It is significant for the guardians required to set their own sentiments aside and attempt to have an expert like relationship. It is hard enough for kids to manage separate, the difference in family living, way things are ran in the family, individuals living in the home or perhaps moving to new urban communities and so forth. There are a great deal of changes that happen and it is extremely distressing for all included yet hardest regularly on the kids that are included. Some of the time the circumstance before isn't better and in reality after the guardians are separated from the connections can thrive. Now and again one parent becomes removed then the other or missing totally, yet for the kid it is generally significant for the two guardians to proceed in the childs life and to keep the interchanges lines open. The correspondence between the guardians and the kids are significant for accomplishment of good connections to proceed. When there is terrible correspondence it can cause on parent to become supported or knocking the other the kid which can lead the kid hating the parent that is tearing down the other parent. It additionally may influence the childs relationship with that parent that is being spoken awful about. A youngster's relationship with their folks following a separation is basic to the kid's alteration. In spite of the fact that the trouble of not being with the two guardians is one of the most excruciating pieces of separation, it is the proceeding with relationship that youngsters have with their folks that is fundamental to their drawn out alteration. This features the significance of not condemning the other parent before the youngster (Foulkes-Jamison. 2001). Putting down or speaking awful about the other parent isn't solid for the youngster. Kids tend not to reveal to you when they are irate, angry, befuddled, hurt or discouraged. Rather, they mirror their issues through their conduct - carrying on or maybe turning internal in manners that you have not experienced preceding the divorce.(Sedacca, 2012) The youngster can lose control, angry, discouraged and can make the kid become pulled back. Ordinarily when the guardians don't convey the child is progressively influenced then the guardians regardless of whether they may not see it. The youngster may conceal it from the guardians and keep all the hurt inside. They may likewise attempt to utilize one guardians against the other to get what they need. The guardians will now and then vie for the childs love and consideration. They may utilize the style of contending I win, You lose. The serious style includes extraordinary worry for your own needs and wants and little for those of others (DeVito, 2012). With this the parent is increasingly worried about winning and their own emotions or need to win then the childs sentiments and necessities. They simply need to beat the other parent. It is a pitiful cycle that happens to regularly, where one simply needs to win and doesnt care about those included or the results of their activities. It is significant that the guardians impart to each other, about evaluations, school, medical checkups, sports, companions, any issues they are having altering or simply their adjustments in character. One smart thought

Blog Archive What NOT to Read on GMAT Reading Comprehension Passages

Blog Archive What NOT to Read on GMAT Reading Comprehension Passages With regard to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything.  Manhattan Prep’s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. Ironically, to do a great job  on Reading Comprehension (RC) on the GMAT, we actually have to learn what NOT to read. So many people struggle with  what  and  how  to read, but a big part of the battle is knowing what you can skim or skip! I am going to give you a quick overview of what I mean by “what NOT to read,” and then I am going to point you to some resources containing full examples of the technique. Learn the Process First, read the introduction entitled  How To Read A Reading Comp Passage. (Hint: Take some notes! You are going to be trying this out on a real passage in a few minutes.) Next, you are going to try a couple of examples; one contains a Manhattan Prep passage and one contains an Official Guide (OG) passage. When you do the exercises, keep a few things in mind: (1) Look for language clues that help distinguish between “high level” and “detail.” You want to read the “high level” information and skim or skip the “detail.” The “detail” clues tend to be more obvious: for  example, for  instance,  one  type of something, and so on. (2) The bigger the words get, the more likely we will want to skim. They are going to use technical language, but that language will almost certainly be described in easier words at some other pointâ€"ignore the technical stuff and go look for that easier description. (3) Despite #2, we are still expected to have a decent vocabulary. If you run across an unknown-to-you word that  is not  otherwise defined, then you are forewarned: learn this vocabulary word before you take the GMAT. Test It Out! All right, let us try some examples. I am going to have you do the  Manhattan Prep example first. Once you think you have mastered that, then  try the OG example. Also, if you have access to Manhattan Prep’s OG Archer study tool, I have also posted a video discussion of the passage used in the article to which I linked. Try it yourself first (using the article), but you then might want to reinforce the lesson by watching the video. Share ThisTweet GMAT Blog Archive What NOT to Read on GMAT Reading Comprehension Passages With regard to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything.  Manhattan Prep’s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. Ironically, to do a great job  on Reading Comprehension (RC) on the GMAT, we actually have to learn what NOT to read. So many people struggle with  what  and  how  to read, but a big part of the battle is knowing what you can skim or skip! I am going to give you a quick overview of what I mean by “what NOT to read,” and then I am going to point you to some resources containing full examples of the technique. Learn the Process First, read the introduction entitled  How to Read a Reading Comp Passage. (Hint: Take some notes! You are going to be trying this out on a real passage in a few minutes.) Next, you are going to try a couple of examples; one contains a Manhattan Prep passage, and one contains an Official Guide (OG) passage. When you do the exercises, keep a few things in mind: (1) Look for language clues that help distinguish between “high level” and “detail.” You want to read the “high level” information and skim or skip the “detail.” The “detail” clues tend to be more obvious: for  example, for  instance,  one  type of something, and so on. (2) The bigger the words get, the more likely we will want to skim. They are going to use technical language, but that language will almost certainly be described in easier words at some other pointâ€"ignore the technical stuff and go look for that easier description. (3) Despite #2, we are still expected to have a decent vocabulary. If you run across an unknown-to-you word that  is not  otherwise defined, then you are forewarned: learn this vocabulary word before you take the GMAT. Test It Out! All right, let us try some examples. I am going to have you do the  Manhattan Prep example first. Once you think you have mastered that, then  try the OG example. Also, if you have access to Manhattan Prep’s OG Archer study tool, I have posted a video discussion of the passage used in the article to which I linked. Try it yourself first (using the article), but you then might want to reinforce the lesson by watching the video. Share ThisTweet GMAT Blog Archive What NOT to Read on GMAT Reading Comprehension Passages With regard to the GMAT, raw intellectual horsepower helps, but it is not everything. Manhattan Prep’s  Stacey Koprince  teaches you how to perform at your best on test day by using some common sense. Ironically, to do a great job  on Reading Comprehension (RC) on the GMAT, we actually have to learn what NOT to read. So many people struggle with  what  and  how  to read, but a big part of the battle is knowing what you can skim or skip! I am going to give you a quick overview of what I mean by “what NOT to read,” and then I am going to point you to some resources containing full examples of the technique. Learn the Process First, read the introduction entitled  How To Read A Reading Comp Passage. (Hint: Take some notes! You are going to be trying this out on a real passage in a few minutes.) Next, you are going to try a couple of examples; one contains a Manhattan Prep passage and one contains an Official Guide (OG) passage. When you do the exercises, keep a few things in mind: (1) Look for language clues that help distinguish between “high level” and “detail.” You want to read the “high level” information and skim or skip the “detail.” The “detail” clues tend to be more obvious: for  example, for  instance,  one  type of something, and so on. (2) The bigger the words get, the more likely we will want to skim. They are going to use technical language, but that language will almost certainly be described in easier words at some other pointâ€"ignore the technical stuff and go look for that easier description. (3) Despite #2, we are still expected to have a decent vocabulary. If you run across an unknown-to-you word that  is not  otherwise defined, then you are forewarned: learn this vocabulary word before you take the GMAT. Test It Out! All right, let us try some examples. I am going to have you do the  Manhattan Prep example first. Once you think you have mastered that, then  try the OG example. Also, if you have access to Manhattan Prep’s OG Archer study tool, I have also posted a video discussion of the passage used in the article to which I linked. Try it yourself first (using the article), but you then might want to reinforce the lesson by watching the video. Share ThisTweet GMAT

Bf Skinner - 1166 Words

Burrhus Frederic Skinner the Theorist Behaviorism is the branch of psychology associated today with numerous psychologists but one of the most prominent behavioral psychologists of all time, B.F. Skinner really taught people that any behavior is usually immediately affected by its consequences. I having a young child I have seen Skinners theories work in many different facets during my short stint of being a parent. Skinner is a theorist who made his reputation by studying how an individuals behavior might change by responding to his/her environment. The great Skinner wrote Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten,(Skinner, 1964) thus basically meaning that most over and over again behaviors we as†¦show more content†¦His most commonly known product was his use of Skinners Box,( Kerry W. Buckley,1989) This box contraption was used as an study aide for most of his research that I discussed above. Skinners Box showed how ones behavior is changed due to there charted research, eithe r via special rewards and/or unexpected punishment. This contraption Skinners Box was basically a small box that a rat or another small animal was put into to be viewed during research. As the animal went through many different scientific test, it would receive rewards and punishments, such as food pellets /or electric shock, in response to the choice of the animals actions. All of these actions were documented and studied providing us with many of Skinners behavioral processes such as schedules of reinforcement, shaping and aversive stimuli. All of these methods are still found to be used in one way or another by therapists today. In mental institutions and prisons therapist often still use Skinners ideas to break criminal patterns or mental issues. In the prison system if you do good you are rewarded with points or tokens, these tokens are used to buy you the necessary things in order to survive, the downside if you mess up these same tokens or points are taken away from you makin g it difficult to survive in the volatile environment. Unfortunately these methods are looked for by the same institution members once outside and the everyday world doesnt provide these same opportunities.Show MoreRelatedBehavioral Psychology and BF Skinner916 Words   |  4 PagesThere was never a man more influential to Behavioral psychology than B.F. Skinner. He was well-acknowledged for his theories in behaviorism and remains as one of the best and most controversial figures in the world of psychology. Most of his work throughout his lifetime dealt with both positive and negative reinforcements and the after-effects it had on behavior. B.F. Skinner understood that as humans, everything that we do or become is through the methods of rewards and punishments. Though his timeRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning And The Skinner Box1707 Words   |  7 PagesThere have been many famous individuals who have contributed to education. BF Skinner, William Glasser, John Dewey, and Lev Vygotski are four notorious men in the history and impact of education. Bf Skinner (1904) was a behaviorist who his most widely known for his theory of operant conditioning and the Skinner box. His created this theory to study human behavior. Operant conditioning includes positive and negative reinforcement as well as positive and negative punishment. Positive reinforcementRead MoreEssay on Reinforcement Versus Goal Theory724 Words   |  3 Pagesincreasing motivation and efforts, but also through increasing and improving the feedback quality. Reinforcement Theory of Motivation of BF Skinner states that a person’s behavior is a direct relationship to the function of consequences. For instances, if a manager immediately praises an employee for a specific behavior, this behavior will continue, however according to Skinner, it is wise to work with individuals not as a group. For instance, if there is an employee that is coming in on time continuouslyRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning Theory Essay712 Words   |  3 Pagesmother and infant. An infant has to develop a relationship with at least one of their primary caregivers for them to develop socially and emotionally. This essay will look at evaluating the theories of Ivan Pavlov, John B Watson, Edward Thorndike, BF Skinner, John Bowlby (1958), and Mary Anisworth (1979) Two important learning theories of behaviorist perspective are classical and operant conditioning and are two important concepts to psychology. The processes are different but they both result inRead MoreA Comparison of Theorist1317 Words   |  6 Pagesand B.F. Skinner are just two of the many theorists that have formed the organization in today’s classrooms. This paper will address the differences in the theories and the similarities. It will describe how each theory can be implemented in the learning environment of an early childhood classroom. Lastly, it will describe each theory that will be compared supported by research. Comparison of two Theories Operant Behavior Conditioning of Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) BF Skinner renownedRead MoreQuestions On Critical Thinking Assignment Questions951 Words   |  4 Pagesoutcomes for these individuals as they become an Adult? Are there any barriers? In your opinion, what do you think about their life outcomes? Critical Thinking # 4 You cannot do this assignment until we have covered Chapter 8. Psychologists like B.F. Skinner have studied how we can use operant conditioning to change the behavior of people and animals. Drawing on your personal experience, choose a person or animal whose behavior you want to change. (You may select your own behavior for this questionRead MoreReinforcement Theory Vs. Operant Conditioning1513 Words   |  7 Pagesalso has been much debate over, whether positive or negative reinforcement will be the successor. Much of Skinner’s ideas of operant conditioning were molded after Edward Thorndike’s experiments. BF Skinner and his associates truly believed in the effects of operant conditioning or reinforcement theory. Skinner as well as, many others continued to research work after the experiment that Edward Thorndike worked with. In this experiment there would be a cat place in a boxed with a lever and the cat hadRead MoreThe Study Of Developmental Psychology2040 Words   |  9 Pages B.F Skinner His life and works Who is B.F Skinner? And why is he important in the study of developmental psychology? And what ideas did he add to it? †¢ What was his early life like? †¢ What fields did he operate in? †¢ What education has he received? Was it related to what he did? †¢ What new ideas did he bring to the world of psychology? †¢ What were his theories? †¢ What was his major experiments? †¢ What did he invent? †¢ How does his proposes and ideas help us educate kids? †¢ What wereRead MoreLanguage Acquisition and Development2253 Words   |  9 Pagesdevelopment; whereas most nativists considered that the child develops language due to nature, and the brain drives development and children are born with the biology to acquire language. According to BF Skinner, who developed Operant Conditioning Theory, in his 1957 classic, Verbal Behavior, which Skinner reports the language is obtained by reinforcing modeling and continuous practicing. His theory is based on the precondition that a behavior may increase or decrease determined by what happens afterRead MoreFoundations Of Education1931 Words   |  8 PagesRoy Hansen Midterm: Foundations of Education Part 1: There have been many famous individuals who have contributed to education. BF Skinner, William Glasser, John Dewey, and Lev Vygotski are four notorious men in the history and impact of education. B.F. Skinner (1904) was a behaviorist who his most widely known for his theory of operant conditioning and the Skinner box. He created this theory to study human behavior. Operant conditioning includes positive and negative reinforcement as well as positive

Honor And Recognition For Defending The Freedom Of The...

Soldiers deserve honor and recognition for defending the freedom of the United States. They risk their lives so other Americans do not have to, and they are rightfully thanked for their work. Honoring soldiers is viewed as respectful and lets the soldiers know that Americans value their sacrifices for our country. However, for some people commending soldiers is often more about their own personal gain and self-esteem than about respecting the soldier. Honoring soldiers is often used as an excuse to boost popularity, increase personal satisfaction, and worst of all, to make money. Mention book In Ben Fountain’s Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk, many people approached Billy to congratulate him for his service in Iraq. One lady talked to Billy about watching 9/11 on the news and proclaimed how proud she was that justice was being done (Fountain 44). She conveyed her thoughts concerning the war for a while before asking, â€Å"Which one are you?† to Billy, almost as if she really did not care about Billy as much as she did getting her thoughts on the war out to a soldier. After Billy introduced himself, the woman continued her spiel on how patriotic she and her daughter acted (Fountain 44). Throughout the time the woman spoke Billy, kept quiet and let her continue, a considerate act which showed Billy’s lack of interest in what the woman had to say. The woman talked to Billy mostly to boost her personal satisfaction and pride for her country, instead of to thank Billy forShow MoreRelatedThe Day Of The World War I1370 Words   |  6 Pagesallied nations and Germany. One year later, the anniversary of this official end to World War I was marked to be an honorary day, Armistice Day, for all military personnel who had died defending the United States of America. Armistice Day was the first national recognition and important step towards the care and honor of those who had served protecting the country. Years later in 1938, Congress passed the 11th of November as a legal holiday; in 1954, the holiday was renamed Veterans Day to includeRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1208 Words   |  5 Pagesestablished in honor of white civil war soldier who wanted to preserve slavery in the region. Interestingly, the flag has remained a monumental symbol in the states and is still erected in the front of South Carolina’s state house. For years after the civil war, the Confederate flag was a symbol of pride in the region but later became a white supremacists emblem of racists and criminal gangs like the Ku Klux Klan. The debate of whether to ban and remove the Confederate flag in the United States is attractingRead MoreThe Separation Of Church And State Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe separation between church and state is a debate that continues to grow with tension as the culture of America rapidly polarizes. A long-standing claim that America was founded on Christian doctrine is a common argument in favor o f the church and state to remain together, yet the most commonly used metaphor explaining what the â€Å"Separation of Church and State† contextually means in today’s terms is simply that government and religion should not coincide with one another in any capacity. EvidenceRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Civil War1827 Words   |  8 Pagessacrifice their lives and their homes on the frontlines. The North’s desire for unification and the South’s urge to preserve its institution eventually brought our country into a period of bloodshed. The obvious answer is that the war brought along freedom of around four million people in which altered the lives of Americans, however there is a great deal more to be said about the legacy of the Civil War. Even now, the war creates a lasting shadow that continues to impact America. The war transformedRead MoreThe Navajo Language : The American Indian War Essay2843 Words   |  12 Pagesworld watched as the lives of many r egardless of age, race, gender, and ethnicity changed as we witnessed a terror attack unfold on our homeland, the United States of America. The graphic images of the twin towers collapsing and an airline jet crashing into the Pentagon portrayed an image of what the American Indian’s must have seen as the Unites States Government (USG) made advances on their ancestral lands, threatening their very livelihood. As a direct result of conflicts with the USG, AmericanRead MoreFinal Business Model and Strategic Plan5056 Words   |  21 Pagesexisting and new homes, historically low mortgage rates, high rental rates, and the gradual release of pent-up demand created during the collapse of housing. Given this view, we increased our land acquisition and development expenditures for our Built to Honor program from $1.0 billion in 2013 to $1.3 billion in 2014, and have authorized $2.0 billion for investment in 2015. We continue to acquire land under a disciplined process, evaluating e ach project against a 13-point risk-adjusted return scale withRead MoreThe American Indian War : The War Of 1812 And An Airline Jet Plan Crashing Into The Pentagon Essay2896 Words   |  12 Pageswatched as the lives of many regardless of age, race, gender, and ethnicity changed as we witnessed a terror attack unfold on our homeland, the United States of America. The graphic images of the twin towers collapsing and an airline jet plan crashing into the Pentagon portrayed an image of what the American Indian’s must have seen as the Unites States Government (USG) made advances on their ancestral lands, threatening their very livelihood. As a direct result of conflicts with the USG, AmericanRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 Pagesaccomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted in to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, her novel To Kill a Mockingbird was voted the best novelRead MoreSame Sex Marriage: a Conflict of Views2256 Words   |  10 PagesBlaine Kinne Period one February 14, 2013 English III Honors Same-Sex Marriage: A Conflict of Views Throughout time marriage equality for same-sex couples has been non-existent. Now, gay rights are at the forefront of political and social reform. Same-sex marriage has recently become a fiercely debated topic; however, only nine states allow same-sex marriage and only a few allow domestic partnerships, because of religion, generational differences, and the general and voting publicRead MorePeriod of Enlightenment8482 Words   |  34 Pagesof the friars; 5.Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala (forced sale of local products to the government); 6.Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association; 7.Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter government service; 8.Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain; 9.Secularization of Philippine parishes; 10.Recognition of human rights. B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement Dr. Jose Rizal (1861-1896) Josà © Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda (June

French Fascination With Food Essay - 803 Words

French Fascination With Food The delicacy of French cuisine, the diet du jour, a multiple sensory experience, wine, chocolate mousse, cheese. When one thinks of French cuisine, these are some of the aspects that run through our minds. The attraction to French food and the culture that presumes around it are what make French dinning so appeasing to the masses. Yet, when one thinks about the sensual delight of French cuisine and its affect no one would ever guess that the French cuisine, in all its glory, would be associated with concepts such as international technology availability, French agricultural research expenditures, or sustainable agriculture. But without concepts such as these, the availability of quality French food would†¦show more content†¦It is better for the price of French agricultural production in the long run. It appears that over a period of time, there has been a percentage increase in crop products. For example, in 1980 the poultry production of France increased by 195.8%, 4.9% of the total output value.(Bouchet,et.al.,1989) With such dramatic increases, France has been able to supply more people with jobs because the price is conducive with labor. France has been able to sustain adequate maintenance of jobs in the agricultural production sector. One of France’s socioeconomic goals is to provide employment to facilitate many of its citizens. Ways in which France hopes to do this is to: 1.) Maintain and help create employment 2.)Facilitate installation of young farmers 3.)Help in farm transmission.(Gafsi,et.al.,2006) In 2005, France’s food retail industry generated total revenues of $236.2 billion, 3% more from 2004 and is expected to accelerate to attain $268 billion in 2010.(Datamonitor USA, 2006) With the growing popularity of organic produce, France will have to deal with the industry’s rate of growth or decrease, depending on the marketplace embracing higher food values. The success of the French food retail market is directly related to the producers and manufacturers of the agricultural sector of the industry. Without the development and sustainability of crops in the French market, theShow MoreRelatedEssay on European and Native American Relations1436 Words   |  6 Pagescharacterized by fascination and generosity. Some Europeans were even able to recognize the ways in which Indians were superior to themselves, referring to them as â€Å"noble savages† and beautiful (Give Me Liberty, 11). Giovanni da Verrazano, an Italian explorer, wrote extensively of his own encou nters with various groups of Native Americans. He speaks of a mutual fascination between the Indians and his fellow explorers. The Indians, marveling the strange white people, are gracious and offer food. VerrazanoRead MoreA Medical Student And One Day As A Physician829 Words   |  4 Pagesmiddle of the night, remain calm facing unexpected and uncomfortable circumstances while adjusting to cultural differences, will likewise ensure I excel as a medical student and one day as a physician. I immersed myself in Indian medicine, culture, food and customs, slowly assimilating with doctors and nurses. I broke down language barriers with a smile, a hand on the shoulder and small acts of kindness like holding a glass of water while the patient slowly drank or moving a pillow for greater comfortRead MoreThe Country Of 8958 Square Miles Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagescountry came across the red sea from the middle east; it is predicted they came over in about 3 B.C. They were introduced to the religion of Islam almost 1,000 years later; becoming the first country in Africa to adopt Islam. In 1884 the French made Djibouti a French colony. After years of conflict and dealing with bordering country invaders it gained independence and became a Republic with a one party rule in 1981. Because it is a republic, like the United Staes, they have a three branch system ofRead MoreLouis Vuitton1462 Words   |  6 PagesLouis Vuitton Presentation of the company Louis Vuitton is an international luxury French fashion house specialized in trunks and leather goods, founded by Louis Vuitton in 1854. As an emblem of the French luxury, Louis Vuitton knew how to make way on the international scene, by advancing an image of quality, elegance and refinement. Today, Louis Vuitton is one of the most recognizable and powerful brands in the world with more than 300 stores in 44 countries around the world and 2,7 billion ofRead MoreThe History Of Ice Cream1588 Words   |  7 Pageswhere but it is obvious that it has had a major impact on consumers worldwide. Our fascination with ice cream seems to just get stronger as technology improves. It is a part of almost all cultures in some way, which is not common for foods. Ice cream is a universal dessert enjoyed by many whose origins date back to 3,000 B.C. the process to make ice cream has evolved in many ways across the world and is part of food trends today. The Chinese were among those who are thought to have first made ice-creamRead MoreStudying for a Foreign Language Degree582 Words   |  2 Pagestrips to parts of France in the last few years, I have gained a fascination with the concept of communicating with individuals in various languages; these excursions have fuelled my passion to immerse myself into a language degree and to follow a path of foreign language and its meanings and uses in the world of work. Discovering aspects of the French culture like fashion, food and family life during my travels assisted me for my AS French Oral Exam and these experiences have led me to believe that timeRead MoreJohn Audubon is arguably the greatest American artist-naturalist that has lived. (Pg.17 of source1300 Words   |  6 Pagesnatural world and scenes from everyday life are common themes that are portrayed throughout his works. Audubon was born on April 26, 1785 in the French colony of Saint-Domingue. (now Haiti). JJA was the son of the intelligent Jean Audubon, a French Naval officer, marine captain and a sugar plantation owner. (Source #4 pg. 17) His mother was a French chambermaid from the village of Mazures who died about six months after his birth. It was when JJA was in middle school when he started skipping classesRead MoreThe Van Gogh s Life849 Words   |  4 Pagesof his dead brother. At fifteen years of age, the Van Gogh family financial troubles forced their son Vincent to leave school and work at his Uncle’s art dealership; even after leaving school this early in his life, Van Gogh was already fluent in French, German, and English, and had Dutch as his native language. This allowed for no language barrier when he was transferred to a London art gallery, where he fell in love with both English culture and Eugine Loyer. The landlady’s daughter, who was engagedRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Van Gogh And Monet944 Words   |  4 Pagesfinish† (Robert 1535). The pair also enjoyed creating their art outdoors, however, their reasoning for doing so are different. Van Gogh enjoyed â€Å"capturing the energy and beauty he found in the world around him†, while Monets was driven by his fascination with the phenomena of natural light (Dubecky). Another technique the two share is their emphasis of bright colors. Even the darkest sh adows of their paintings contain an array of different colors. A difference between them is that Van Gogh describedRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1321 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst became acquainted with the influential writing of Virgil and Ovid. In 1357 Chaucer became a public servant to Countess Elizabeth of Ulster, the Duke of Clarence s wife. Though this job was honorable he barely had enough to support himself with food and clothing. In 1359 the teenage Geoffrey Chaucer went off and fought in the One Hundred Years War in France. during his time in the war, at Rethel, he was captured and was taken in. Chaucer had many connections and was able to get King Edward the

College Athletes Should Not Be Paid free essay sample

?Amongst the controversy surrounding the NCAA’s recent crackdown on violations with regards to college programs compensating players and players accepting compensation from universities and outside sources, one question has understandably been brought up. It is a question that was bound to be asked sooner or later, and one without an obvious answer: should college athletes be paid? It is one of the biggest, if not the biggest, question that surrounds the world of college sports. The answer, quite simply put, is no. Allowing universities to pay students athletes to participate in sports would require a complete overhaul of the NCAA rule book. At this stage, too many questions need to be answered: how much would athletes get paid? Where would the money come from? Would athletes in certain sports get paid more than others? This is just the tip of the iceberg. The amount of time that it would take to (re)write this part of the rulebook would be ridiculous. Not only do NCAA officials have to write the new rules, but there would also have to be many revisions made before a final copy is finished. Then the new regulations would need to be approved by the majority of the NCAA universities. And there is no guarantee that would happen with the first edition of the rules, so the process would continue to repeat itself until an agreement is reached. On top of that, the Title IX Act would need to be amended in order to accommodate the new rules in order to ensure equality across all genders. All the time it would take to create a set of rules and regulations and amend the necessary laws to make paying college athletes possible would use up many NCAA resources and cost a lot of money. It is one thing to spend time to make money or spend money to save time, but creating new rules and/or amending old ones would be spending time and money just to give even more money away from the university (to pay the athletes). The fact that the NCAA and its affiliates would have to allocate such a large amount of money to creating the new rule book raises another important question: where will the money come from? Initially, it would not come from the NCAA: they would most certainly be in some amount of debt after spending copious amounts of time and money on the rulebook. So why not use the revenue brought in by the athletes? First of all, that is the money the NCAA would have spent on the creation of the new rules and regulations. Secondly, even without incorporating the costs creating a new rulebook would require, that money is reserved for the colleges and universities, the NCAA and NCAA subsidiary conferences (Big Ten Conference, South Eastern Conference, Atlantic Coast Conference, etc. ) in order to pay for coaches, training staff, officials for competition, construction and uptake of facilities, advertising, and a per diem for athletes and staff on road trips, among many other countless expenses. Not only do the numbers not work financially, there are also questions on the morality of using revenue to pay players. The main argument behind changing the rules to allow compensation for players is that they bring immense amounts of revenue into colleges and universities but receive nothing in return. While this is a valid argument, it usually only applies to the big money making sports such as football and basketball. The NCAA’s mantra is fairness and equality across all sports and genders, which makes compensation for revenue generation a touchy subject. In terms of morality, you could not rightfully pay the athletes in the â€Å"big two† sports but not in others. Conversely, you could not fairly pay athletes in the other sports for the revenue that they had very little part in creating. For example, think about running a lemonade stand and having to share the profits with your siblings who had no part in it. Or consider seeing your brother get paid for mowing the lawn while you get nothing for shoveling; neither of these would be fair to student athletes. The NCAA would take too much flak if compensating players came down to revenue. If universities were to compensate based on the amount of money brought in to the school by each sport, they would be indirectly saying that they believe certain student athletes to be more valuable than others. Some schools also bring in considerably more money than others from their sports programs. Schools like the University of Florida and the University of Alabama would have no problem using the money brought in by football and basketball to pay all of their athletes (which would still be going against the aforementioned sports ethics, but let’s pretend for a little bit). That is all fine and dandy, but what about smaller market schools like Bethune-Cookman University and the University of Montana? These schools bring in more than $50 million less than the previously mentioned schools. Not only does this limit the amount of money these schools could use to spend on paying athletes, it puts them at a great disadvantage from a recruiting standpoint. This is an extremely important piece of information. Aside from the idea of maintaining amateurism, the entire reason that the NCAA has rules against paying players and players accepting said compensation for play is to keep the recruiting game fair. As nice as it would be, it would be nigh impossible to compensate athletes with the revenue that they bring in, which further muddies the discussion on where money would even come from if athletes were to be paid. Some people would say, ‘raise tuition’. To put it nicely, institutes of higher education would have mutiny on their hands if that was their answer. Speaking for myself and other college students I can and will say that this would not be a favorable or accepted idea. I would never pay more for my education so that someone else can be paid to play a sport, let alone an amateur sport that I do not have any interest in. Just imagine having your taxes raised in order for your local bar league softball teams to get paid for their ‘service’. Not even the most leftward-leaning liberal would agree to that nonsense, yet some people have proposed the same thing, (in principle), for college sports. In a world where a college degree is becoming more and more valuable, the cost is already becoming increasingly unaffordable; and that is without the additional pay that has been proposed by many. The worst part of it is that this proposal comes from the people that would be least affected by it: university officials, university boosters, etc. Another idea that has been proposed is to re-classify athletic roster spots as â€Å"jobs† and athletes as â€Å"employees† in the Federal Work Study program. In theory and on paper this idea sounds great, but in reality it is not as great as it seems. First off, employees in the FWS program are only allowed to work twenty hours a week. Every college athlete in every sport, male or female, spends much more than 20 hours on their respective sports each week. From practice, to film sessions, to weightlifting and conditioning, not to mention competition, that time adds up. What would the athletes â€Å"overtime† be considered? Would the FWS program or NCAA be liable for the athletes at that point? Since the sport would fall under both, it is a tough question to answer. To this point, no one has answered it either. All of that is before the financial aspect of the proposal is even discussed. Over $1. 2 billion was given to 750 thousand students last year. There are almost 170 thousand Division One athletes in the country right now. If each one of those athletes were to collect the maximum of $7,000 from FWS, it would require an additional $1. 2 billion dollars of federal funding, and that is without even having Divisions Two and Three in the discussion. $1. 2 billion is a whole lot of money, and it is very unlikely that such a substantial increase in the FWS budget would be approved. One of the best parts of college sports is the fact that they are amateur athletics. Not only are these athletes getting a college education, but they are also getting to continue their athletic careers in the sports that they love, and many of them are doing so on a scholarship. Is that not enough? More than half of the student body at any given university would give almost anything to have that chance; and athletes are asking for more? It reminds me of Veruca Salt from Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, the child who has everything but keeps asking for more. At many colleges and universities, student athletes are already given preferential treatment over their non-athlete peers. Just one example is Oklahoma State University, where there are numerous reports and admissions of athletes having school work done for them by tutors and professors giving athletes grades they do not deserve in order for them to be eligible for competition. Not only is this against NCAA rules and unethical, it is also sending the wrong message to student athletes. By allowing this to happen, or even by just standing idly by, universities are telling athletes that as long as they are good at sports they will not have to do any work in life; and on top of this, people want to pay them? In no way does that seem like it would be a good idea or end well for the athletes later in life. Most student athletes’ drive and motivation comes from wanting to keep their roster spot, wanting to move up on the depth chart, pride, the fear of losing a scholarship and the possibility of playing at the professional level (which is often the biggest factor). If college athletes were to be paid, that would take away much of their drive, they already have what they wanted: money. If they are guaranteed money in college and the professional level, why would they try their best and risk injury? The level of competition would decrease, which would decrease fan interest, which would in turn decrease revenue brought in by athletics. This case scenario happens in the world of professional sports all the time: a player inks a new deal with a team after a season of hard work, only to slack off once they are guaranteed money: the same would happen to a college athlete as well. All of these signs point towards not paying college athletes. Compensating college athletes for play would not only be financially unrealistic, a legal mess, and against sports and business ethics, it would ruin amateur sports. If that is not enough to convince someone that paying college athletes is a bad idea, then I do not know what would be.

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DeStalinization - A Wise Political Strategy essays

DeStalinization - A Wise Political Strategy essays Although many of his ideas did not bring the expected results, Nikita Khrushchev policies of de-Stalinization were politically wise. He went against many of Stalin's tyrannical policies and gave the people a much greater sense of freedom. In the process known as "de-Stalinization", legal procedures were restored, some greater degree of meaningful public controversy was permitted, forced labor camps were closed and the secret police tactics of Stalin's era were erased. Stalin's method of personal rule was replaced by group rule and more orderly processes of government, the terror apparatus was largely dismantled, the economy was notably modernized and foreign policy was conducted with much greater diplomatic initiative and flexibility. There was free political discussion, a standard forty-hour work week where people were free to change jobs, better government planning on production, and eased travel restrictions over the "Iron Curtain". In the process of de-Stalinization the cities that were once named in honor of Stalin were given new names or returned to their old names1. The statues and pictures of Stalin were destroyed and letters were sent to families of those who were killed in battle, which criticized Stalin's weak leadership during the time of the war. Stalin's grave was vandalized during this process, and Khrushchev gained approval from the West. These policies were used to erase the past and ease the minds of those who suffered under the dictator2. Khrushchev worked to denounce his former leaders doings and clean up the image of the nation on a worldwide scale. Khrushchev worked hard to be agreeable with the majority of people he ruled. He sought to contrast his own present policies with the extremities of Stalinism, and therefore restore public confidence in the Soviet system.3 Perhaps the most notable example of de-Stalinization was where Khrushchev denounced Stalin and criticized the dictator along with tho...

Building Community as a Leadership Discipline Dissertation

Building Community as a Leadership Discipline - Dissertation Example Such leaders avoid acting in a dictatorial manner. They are usually motivated while working in settings characterized by facts, whereby they can apply theories and their expertise as well as analytical skills. They set achievable goals that are understandable by everyone. These are achieved through the allocation of roles to the employees, and supervising to ensure that the process follows the right track while adhering to organizational policies. They respect the management hierarchy, whereby each level of management is significant in the process.  Due to the fact that an organization has to be faced with dilemmas, the structural leader is usually faced with situations whereby a balance has to be established between the external environment and the organizational practices. Such a leader usually focuses on plain and consistent thinking in order to deal with organizational problems as well as utilization of the available opportunities (Bolman and Deal 2008). This is dependent to a large extent on the environment that the leader works in. A favorable working environment is usually a derivative of the predecessors in the organization’s management. The structural leader ensures that he leaves an enabling environment once he leaves an organization. This facilitates learning in the leaders who come thereafter. On the other hand, he ensures that the present leaders within the organization, especially those working under him have such leadership qualities as him/her. The organizational strategy is usually developed through structural Leaders, who are keen on the working framework, environment, the realization of organizational goals, testing as well the necessary reforms within the organization.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

English - Essay Example In each form of writing, though, Baldwin manages to retain his own voice, imbuing his writing with music and imagery that makes it possible for the reader to fully appreciate the situation he is attempting to describe. This can be determined by comparing one of his short stories, such as the very popular â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† with one of his essays, such as â€Å"The Harlem Ghetto.† The short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† is not told in chronological order but is instead revealed in bits and pieces as the narrator interacts with those around him. When one reads through the entire story, the conditions of life in the ghetto are more fully understood. It is discovered that the narrator and his younger brother had lived together with their mother their entire lives. While the older brother was able to graduate from high school and join the Army as a means of supporting himself, the hardships of life finally took their toll on the boys’ mother and she died while the younger brother, Sonny, was still in school. Not able to take care of his brother himself and with no other family to turn to, the narrator made arrangements for Sonny to stay with the family of the narrator’s fiancà ©, who introduced Sonny to music and the piano. At the time, Sonny begged his brother to help him (Sonny) join the Navy in order to avoid some kind of trouble only Sonny seems aware of. Too involved in his own problems to listen to Sonny, the narrator leaves to complete his tour of duty while his brother begins skipping school and getting involved in drugs. By the time the narrator has returned home, his brother has gone to jail for dealing in drugs and the story begins as the narrator attempts to bring Sonny back into his life upon Sonny’s release. The entire story, then, follows the narrator’s attempts to finally ‘hear’ his brother enough to develop an effective and supportive relationship that will allow both

Indias Role in the Climate Change Summit Essay Example for Free

Indias Role in the Climate Change Summit Essay The worlds nation today adopted a package dubbed the cancun Agreements buildings blocks for a future legal treaty to address climate change amid concerns that commitments to avert acceptable level of global warming remain missing. Negotiators from 194 countries agreed on a set of decision that the un climate secretariat said would set all governments â€Å"more firmly on the path towards the low emissions future† and provide support to developing countries on their action on climate change. India played a key role at the climate change summit , proposing a new mechanism to allow international scrutiny of all countries’ including India’ s action to crub emission of greenhouse gases. The invironment minister Jairam Ramesh also signalled that India would eventually consider legally –binding crubs on emission, a shift from its long standing position. Some environmental grouos have criticised these moves by India. But climate change analysts have said India’s proposal for serutiny of the climate climate change exchange actions reflect an acceptance of the principal of transparency. ‘’ And (Rmesh’s) assertions on legaklly binding actions is an indicator that India is willing to shift from the position of doing nothing to joining the global community in fiting climate change ,†an analyst in Cancun said. ‘’This does not mean India will accept legally – bending cuts next year,’’ he said . The Cancun documents of ficially recognise emissions curbs targets set by industrialised and developing countries and once every year by the developing countries. But the target of cutting global emissions by 50 % by the year 2050- part of the draft circulated yesterday – has been replaced by text calling for ‘’ subsantial’’ reductions in blobal emissions by 2050 . The Cancun decision pledge US$30 billion in fast start finance from the industrialised countries to support climate action in developing countries. The goal is to raise this to US$ 100 billion by 2020. Thew agreements also  recognise the need of countries to work towards the keeping the rise in the aversge global temperature below 2 degree c. ‘’ Cancun has done its job ,’’ said chistiana Figueres, head of the UN climate change secretariat after the agreement was adopted today. ‘’ lt is not what is required but it is the essential foundation on which to build greater collective ambition Figueres said. But several environmental group including Indias centre for science and Environment have pointed out thst the emission reduction pledge made by all countries so far are way below the whst is required to keep the rise in the average temperature.

The Powerful Character of Pearl in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Powerful Character of Pearl in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most significant writers of the romantic period in American literature was Nathaniel Hawthorne.   Hawthorne wrote stories that opposed the ideas of Transcendentalism. Since he had ancestors of Puritan belief, Hawthorne wrote many stories about Puritan New England.   His most famous story is the Scarlet Letter.   This novel tells of the punishment of a woman, Hester Prynne, who committed adultery and gave birth to Pearl.   A minister of Boston, Arthur Dimmesdale, had an affair with Hester while believing that her husband, Roger Chillingworth, had died.  Ã‚   However, Chillingworth did not die and appears during the early stages of Hester's punishment.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The purpose of this paper is to analyze the character of Pearl in the Scarlet Letter.   Her whole life had many difficulties while living in Puritan New England.   Furthermore, Pearl displays much parallelism to the scarlet letter that Hester must wear.   Finally, Pearl's birth intensified the conflicts in the novel.  Ã‚   Clearly, Pearl becomes the symbol of all the other major characters' tragedies.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The character of Pearl in the Scarlet Letter lived a very difficult life.   Before the novel begins, Hester Prynne gives birth to Pearl after having an affair with Arthur Dimmesdale, a Puritan minister.   Pearl's birth proves that Hester cheated on her husband Roger Chillingworth provoking the stories action. The novel opens with the people of Boston staring and laughing at Hester holding Pearl while standing on the town's scaffold.   At this time, Pearl is three months old. Years later Hester gets released from jail and lives with Pearl in the outskirts of town.   Since Hester becomes alienated from Boston, Pearl turns into "her mother's only treasure!" (Hawthorne 76). Hester makes bright red clothes for Pearl that parallel the scarlet "A."   At age three, Pearl endures many laughs and jokes from other Puritan children but chases them away with stones. Since Pearl's birth resulted from broken rules, she does not feel the obligation to follow rules. Although her life is an outcast of Puritan society, Pearl's language shows a high level of intelligence.  Ã‚   Later, Hester receives word that the magistrates want to take Pearl away from her. Hester takes Pearl to the governor's house where the child meets her father, Arthur Dimmesdale.

Monopoly and Oligopoly Essay

Monopoly and Oligopoly Essay The Main characteristics of an oligopoly are that the supply of a product or products is concentrated in the hands of a few large suppliers, there could be thousands of small suppliers but the market is mainly dominated by around 4 or 5 large firms. For example firms Tesco, Asda, Sainburys and Morrisons, these are the 4 main supermarkets in the UK but there are thousands of small corner shops who provide some of the same goods the supermarkets do. Another characteristics of an oligopoly is interdependence, this is when the actions of one large firm will directly affect another large firm of the same market. For example during the Christmas period Tesco lowered the price on certain alcoholic drinks to pull customer in to the stores to buy their Christmas food shopping, Asda then followed suit and did the exact same thing with the same products. On the other hand if firms raised their prices the other firm are very unlikely to copy, the other firm are more likely to advertise the fact they are now cheaper in the hope of gaining a bigger share of the market. However there is a tendency for firms to collude and agree to raise prices together, this maintains their abnormal profits and ensure no one loses. This behaviour is illegal in the UK and the EU and firm’s caught doing this will be heavily fined. {draw:frame} Oligopoly’s are a few firm dominating a market,a monopoly is a single firm dominating a market or being a sole supplier of a market, this is called a pure monopoly. An example of a pure monopoly would be Scottish water; they are the sole provider to every household in Scotland of running water. {draw:frame} {draw:frame} For any firm profit is a must for a business to survive, firms will look in to other parts of a market to gain potential profits. For a firm to move into a particular sector of a market there would have to be good roles of profit. A firm would have to get a good return on their investment, the higher the risk and longer a firmhas to wait to earn a potential return on their capital, the greater the minimum required return on their investment they will demand. For a firm to move in to a particular sector,firms would also have to consider if this would attract new investors. If the firm was going to make a quick return on its investment this would attract more investors as they would gain higher amount of dividends on their investment.

A Deferred Dream Essay - 1506 Words

In A Raisin in the Sun, a play by Lorraine Hansberry, all the characters in the Younger family have experienced the hardship that most African-Americans faced, during the 1950s, in the Southside Chicago ghetto. The Youngers had simple desires for decent jobs and a home of their own and hoped to achieve these dreams. However, they have had to put off their dreams because of the struggle of life for them. This left no exception to the Younger family, but Beneatha Younger was an exception. She was on her way to becoming a doctor which was her lifelong dream. By the end of the play, Beneatha learned about real risk and work and accepted it therefore achieving her dream. She was born poor and in a struggling family. Her dreams were always very†¦show more content†¦This check was a life insurance check of ten thousand dollars and was from Walter’s deceased father’s life insurance. All of the family members had their own dreams, and this was their best option to make these dreams come true. This check could help pay for Beneatha’s medical school; however, it was up to Mama to decide how to use the money, â€Å"The insurance money belongs to Mama,† (p. 38). After Mama used some of the money to buy a house for the family, she entrusted the money to Walter telling him, â€Å"Take three thousand dollars and put it in a savings account for Beneatha’s medical schooling,† (p. 106). This shows that a portion of the insurance money was going towards her medical school. This was one major positive contribution to her dream. The mental status of Beneatha was much like the beginning of the play, confused. She was still using her family’s income to pursue her changing hobbies such as guitar and acting. Mama complained about this saying, â€Å"Why you got to flit so from one thing to another?† (p. 47). Mama said this quote in frustration because the family was already strapped for cash. Beneatha was not even working to help make more money for the Younger household. Also, Beneatha had two boyfriends, Joseph Asagai and George Murchison, who were ready to get into a physical relationship when she only wanted to have anShow MoreRelatedDream Deferred1062 Words   |  5 Pagesthat your company has two choices, one is to be a successful startup will or could potentially land in the history books. Secondly, it could be an absolute failure, it may very well land in the history books but more so due to its notoriety. In a Dream Deferred, Monique Maddy gives a glimpse on her experiences and lessons fro m launching a technology company in an emerging market. Monique is very candid and perhaps still a bit resentful in seeing how her company was doomed by inexperience, bureaucracyRead MoreDream Deferred1590 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of a Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes This poem by Langston Hughes is a very complicated. In it the speaker paints a picture of what might happen to someone’s dream if it is postponed too long. This idea is the overall theme of the poem and it is what unifies and connects each line to the poem as a whole. There are also indirect references that this is not only the dream of an individual, but an entire race’s struggle to achieve peace and liberation. This poem consists of a seriesRead MoreHarlem: a Dream Deferred1043 Words   |  5 PagesHarlem: A Dream Deferred Langston Hughes Literally Analysis Dreams are aspirations that we hope to reach on our lifetime. They are the day that gives us the drive to live our lives and accomplish our goals. When reaching our goals, we will do anything to get to our destination. But what happens when your dreams deferred and put on hold due to unseen circumstances? Or what do you so when someone tells you that you can not so the things you want to so because of the pigmentation of your skinRead MoreHoop Dreams : Dream Deferred2370 Words   |  10 PagesHoop Dreams: Dream Deferred The documentary, â€Å"Hoop Dreams† depicts the structural, psychological, and environmental issues that perpetuates poverty in America through a cohort of individuals, Arthur Agee and William Gates. Agee and Gates’s lives are chronicled through a longintudinal study of four years, from the summer they enter high school, to their entry into college. Both African-American teenagers are recruited from different parts of Chicago, but they came together to begin their freshmanRead MoreDreams In Dreams And Dreams Deferred By Langston Hughes915 Words   |  4 Pagessorts out a multitude of analogies and diction to draw in the audience to better understand his perspective of dreams. When the poet begins the poems, â€Å"Dreams† and â€Å"Dreams Deferred,† he speaks of an emptiness and an ageing of dreams. Hughes’ allusions in repetition, strands, binary opposites, and anomalies can represent his overall portrayal of a life without dreams is unstable and that dreams become the person, making it impossible to run from. The pattern of â€Å"life is† and â€Å"does it† appears to be aRead MoreIs Integration A Dream Deferred?996 Words   |  4 Pages Another source of inequality comes from student-teacher relations directly. Thandeka K. Chapman in â€Å"Is Integration a Dream Deferred?† argues that within suburban mixed-race (however, still majority white) schools, there is a significant difference between the behavior and treatment of minority students versus that of white students within the same school (314). To examine this more thoroughly, a research team interviewed students regarding their experience, and reported the results. Since teacherRead MoreHarlem A Dream Deferred Analysis762 Words   |  4 Pagesbecomes their dream, but people do not always fulfill these dreams. There are obstacles that come in the way of people being able to fulfill their dreams. In â€Å"Harlem [A Dream Deferred]† Langston Hughes uses imagery and rhetorical questions in order to demonstr ate what happens to a dream. The theme that appears through Langston Hughes poem is the theme of not pursuing a dream. Through Hughes poem, this theme is demonstrated and the imagery helps in conveying the idea of having a dream postponed. Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Dream Deferred 980 Words   |  4 Pagesthe theme of the poem through the words, the words helps the reader to understand what can happen to dreams. What is a dream deferred? A dream deferred is what happens when life gets a whole of that dream. Sometimes dreams are able to manifest them but there are times when it dries up like a raisin in the sun. Each member of the Younger family has dreams that may come true or may the deferred. Lena, the mother of family always wanted a better place for her family, a better and bigger house whereRead MoreA Dream Deferred - a Literary Comparison1878 Words   |  8 PagesThe Dream Deferred – A Comparison Kristy Andrews Axia College of University of Phoenix In Lorraine Hansberrys play A Raisin in the Sun, the author reveals a hard-working, honest African-American family struggling to make their dreams come true. Langston Hughes poem, Harlem, illustrates what could happen if those dreams never came to fruition. Together, both Hansberry and Hughes show the effects on human beings when a long-awaited dream is thwarted by economic and social hardships. Each ofRead MoreA Dream Deferred By Langston Hughes990 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem â€Å"A Dream Deferred† by Langston Hughes; is about what occurs to the dream when you postpone them, instead of going for it and make it come true. Many people in this world has a dream or some sort of goal that they would like to accomplish. Although most of us would love to follow our dreams, sometimes we just cannot do it due to the struggles that we would have to face. This poem is based on a guy who is going through a difficult time and what would happen to his dream if he puts it on hold

Timeline of Invention Periods from the Middles Ages On

Environmental Impact Of Aquaculture Wild-Caught Vs. Farmed Fish Essay

Essays on Environmental Impact of Aquaculture Wild-Caught versus Farmed Fish Essay The paper "Environmental Impact of Aquaculture Wild-Caught versus Farmed Fish" is an outstanding example of an essay on biology. Sustainable development in terms of is fishing refers to the implementation of developmental strategies and policies that there is a sufficient amount of fish that meets the present demand without compromising future demand. In this case, a lot of control measure requires to be put in place to ensure that fish resource endowment is not depleted. The acceptable level of resource depletion should be the one that ensures that at any given time, the number of a certain species should not be reduced by half. As such, the acceptable level of depletion should allow further fishing to take place. As such, the fish will not be over-harvested or over-exploited. There is an acceptable level of pollution in aquaculture. These pollutions are mostly treated industrial effluent that contains beneficial feed supplements and microbial that improves the host’s intestinal balance. Furthermore, these effluents contain important fertilizers that enhance the growth of algae and other small plants that are an important source of fish food. In terms of maintaining the effluent provides important microbial that enhances resistance to poisoning by other chemicals. It, therefore, implies that despite the adverse effects caused by pollution, some it is beneficial to aquatic life, (Martin, Bennett 71)The high demand for healthy food in America has, in turn, increased the demand for shrimps. This has lead to over-exploitation of the species and hence the environmental concern. To mitigate the effect, such a project like â€Å"One shrimp at a time† is important. This because it will not only replenish the depleting stock of shrimps but also serves as an economic hub.

The Dark Side of Leadership Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Critically Examine Research Exploring the Dark, Dysfunctional Face of Leadership. Answer: Introduction Leadership can be referred as an influence of a person on others which helps in directing others in the same direction for achieving the common goals (Nanjundeswaraswamy Swamy, 2014). In this globally competitive environment, it is very important for an organisation to adopt a suitable leadership style which not only stimulates the performance of the organisation but also motivates its people. It is seen that though leadership is taken as a good and positive thing in the modern world, it has its dark side too. In this essay, the critical analysis will be done on the dark and dysfunctional face of leadership. Modern perceptions of leadership critical analysis on dark side of leadership Leadership plays an important role in fostering the team success. Its how the teams get motivated to achieve a common goal. The business world is changing quickly and the companies are facing challenges in accomplishing their goals and objectives (Sadeghi Pihie, 2012). The leadership is perceived as a good and positive thing which unites teams and the leaders are perceived as ones who always show the right path. But as per the views of Washbush Clements (2014), Leadership can also show its dark side. On one hand, leadership provides motivation and commitment to the followers but on the other hand, the negative effects of leadership may bring frustration, delayed decision making and waste of resources in the organisation. It is equally important to study about the adverse effects of leadership with the positive effects of leadership. As per Pelletier (2010), there are some key dimensions of the negative leadership which involves Abusive leadership, Tyrannical leadership, Destructive leadership, bullying, unethical leadership and toxic leadership. All these dimensions show that leadership may harm the enthusiasm or empowerment of the individuals at the workplace. Abusive leadership is when injurious actions are taken on the followers. Fear is created among them so that they could complete the given work on time. Tyrannical leaders are those who are arrogant and are rigid for their methods and beliefs. They create distrust among the followers. Destructive leadership harms the organisation by the sabotaging the interest of followers and organisation as well. Bullying, on the other hand, is where the leader tortures and insults the follower mentally or physically. The incidents of bullying have increased recently in the countries like Europe, Australia, USA and more. As per the data provided by Pelletier (2010), 1 in every 5 employees in US isbullied repeatedly. Toxic leadership is the one where the leader is not capable of the duties he is entitled to. According to Harms, Spaina Hannahb (2011), personality traits play a very important role in the development of a leader. There are some dark personality traits which contribute in showing dark face of leadership. There is a dark side of the dark traits of a leader. These dark traits include Narcissism, Hubris, Social dominance and Machiavellianism. Narcissism can be understood as high level of love for self. It is like believing highly in self and taking others as inferior to themselves. The leaders who are narcissistic can attract people but can also lead to lower performance in job. Looking onto its bright side, Narcissistic leaders are bold and draw attention of people. They can enhance the performance of the business by their bold steps. Hubris is another characteristic which means that an individual has pride and self-confidence in excess (Fioravante, 2013). This may reduce the market performance or can also hamper the decision-making of an individual. The leaders characterised by Hubris are confident and are committed to fulfil their promises. They are capable of taking up innovations in business. Social dominance is when people dominate on others. It may hamper the trust between the individuals. Its positive side can be shows authority which shows completeness in projects and targets. Machiavellianism is another trait which means manipulation, cunning behaviour and forcefully making others believe on self. These leaders have high flexibility and are capable of administrating the whole team (Judge, Piccolo Kosalka, 2009). In comparison to the above discussed dark side of dark traits, there is a dark side to some bright traits in a leader. These include Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Emotional stability, Openness to experience, Intelligence, Charisma and more (Leutner, et al., 2013). The people who are highly conscious are not willing to take bold steps and innovative steps. They normally resist change and can result in the slower growth of business. Extraversion shows how people connect with the outer world. The people who are highly extroverts are generally bold and are capable of connecting with the external world but they lack sometimes as they take hasty decisions and are extra aggressive on schedules which might hamper the quality of the projects. The leaders who are highly agreeable can lead to the ineffective decisions in the influence of all the team members. The leaders who have emotional stability in excess are generally those who are not able to set up connection with their followers (Takala, 2010). They do not understand the emotions of their followers. The leaders scoring high in openness can lead to the conflicts between the group beliefs. Intelligence is the trait which shows leader effectiveness but high intelligence may create a mismatch between the group members and the leader. Charisma is when the leader inspires its followers. High score on charisma may be bad because it creates an illusion and may lack in getting the wise suggestions from the followers (Leutner, et al., 2013). According to Karakitapog?lu-AygunGumusluoglu (2012), modern leadership is taken as positive, inspiring, supporting and as a role model for followers. Recent studies show that leadership has some negative side. There are some behaviour patterns and practices of dark leadership like corrupt practices. The bad leaders are incompetent, rigid, and corrupt and are evil who have intentions of physical harm to others. The leaders fail when they are not able to adopt the external environment. The ineffective leaders generally take the organisation to the lower level even from where it used to be (Watters, 2014). As per Linstead, Marechal Griffin (2014), more research has been done on leadership and its dark side. Dark side leadership is a dominant approach. The research indicates that there are some functional dysfunctional consequences which depend on the personality and attitudes of the individuals. It is when an individual reaches a high position and misuses the power or strength. Not onl y the traits or functions of leaders cause the dysfunctional situation but the external environment might also affect. The consequences of dark side of leadership include the increasing amount of pressure on teams to perform and to achieve objectives of the team. This can create stressful situations among the team members which encourage the dark side of leaders even more. This even erodes the trust between the group members and the leader. Lot of studies has been done on the dark side of leadership which shows that it brings poor work performance, poor behaviour and derailment (Watters, 2014). Measures to manage Dark traits of leadership The dark side can be managed if some steps are taken in advance. As per Watters (2014), the poor selection of leaders leads to the dark side and bring failures. The past researches suggest that not the traits or features but the poor selection or choice of leaders causes dysfunctional situations in the organisations. The organisations while the selection of the leaders, should look for the warning signs before hiring the candidates. Reliable measures can be taken to reduce the number of selection of the undesirable candidates. It can be done through the verification of the candidate from previous employment about his/ her working behaviour and performance. The everyday strengths and weaknesses should be measured to measure the effectiveness of an individual (Alemu, 2016). There are also some leadership development programs which can promote the effectiveness of the leaders it develops healthy perspectives of leadership in the individuals so that the dark side of leadership is not shown. These development activities can be customised as per the individuals so that the required traits can be developed and they can be motivated to behave positively. Coaching is another means of addressing the ill effects of dark side traits in individuals (Indradevi, 2016). Coaching helps in developing more effective strategies to manage the dark behaviour of individuals. Coaching assists in limiting the negative effects of the dark traits in an individual. The coaches do 360 degree assessment which helps in evaluating and individual, its strengths and limitations as well. It helps in evaluating the dark and bright traits of personality in the individuals. Another measure is leader accountability. If leader is given accountability, the inappropriate behaviour can be hand led. Without accountability, leaders can show ill behaviour, traits and functions. Employee development is another step which could be taken by the organisations where good corporate governance will be promoted and the chances of the emergence of dark traits of leadership will be reduced. Employee development is a continuous process which helps in managing the dysfunctional traits within the organisations culture (Linstead, Marechal Griffin, 2014). In the Singapore Public Service, the individuals who are been given such responsibilities of being a leader are to be made self aware of their dark and bright traits of leadership and their implications. Some programs and events can be taken up which helps in managing the dark traits of an individual leader. Leadership development programs and coaching can be given which could help in reducing the ill effects of the dark traits of the leaders. The leaders should be guided for their roles so that they could become able to take up new challenges and face them properly (Liu, Liao Loi, 2012). There have been examples of failures of big giants like Lehman Brothers, Enron and others which highlighted that how dark side of leadership has brought an end to these. The numbers suggests that there are around 50- 75 percent of leaders who do not perform well. So, it is very important to recognize and treat the problem well for success of the businesses (Slattery, 2009). Conclusion It can be concluded that the leaders who get derailed and show up dark traits of leadership can incur lots of cost to the organisation. The costs may not be only in terms of numbers or financial loss but it can also be a loss to the reputation and governance of the organisation. The essay discusses the meaning of dark leadership traits and effects of dark and bright traits of leadership in the companies. It also discusses the characteristics of the dark side and bright side of leadership. Also, the measures are been discussed which could be taken for reducing the impact of the dark side of leadership. Leadership is not always fruitful but it can be harmful too. It can be finally concluded that the organisations must ensure that their selection techniques of employees are so effective that they are not ending up with the selection of ineffective leaders for the workplace. It does not only lower down the productivity of the employees but also the morale of the staff. Recommendations It is recommended to the organisations that they should develop some leadership development programs so that the dark traits of leadership can be managed and the leaders can be made self aware about their dark or bright traits of leadership. Leadership should be such which empowers the team members and provides a sense of achievement in the followers. It is about being a role model for the followers. The dark traits should be balanced which can be done by identifying and taking immediate actions on them. The leaders could be made effective by adopting measures like coaching them, employee development, leadership development or proper selection techniques. These could be very helpful in reducing the negative effects of dark traits of leadership in future. References Alemu, D S 2016, Dysfunctional Organization: The Leadership Factor, Open Journal of Leadership. Fioravante, P L, 2013, An Effective Leadership Revelation-Blending Dark Side and Positivist Traits,The Journal of Applied Business and Economics,15(1), p.107. Harms, P D, Spaina, S M Hannahb, S T 2011, Leader development and the dark side of personality, The Leadership Quarterly.Pages 495-509. Indradevi, R 2016, Toxic Leadership over the Years A Review, SMS, Vol. IX, No. 1. Judge, T A, Piccolo, R F Kosalka, T 2009, The bright and dark sides of leader traits: A review and theoretical extension of the leader trait paradigm, The Leadership Quarterly.855875. Karakitapog?lu-Aygun, Z Gumusluoglu, L 2012, The bright and dark sides of leadership: Transformational vs. non-transformational leadership in a non-Western context, Leadership. SAGE Publication. Leutner, F, Ahmetoglu, G, Akhtar, R, Chamorro-Premuzic, T 2013, The relationship between the entrepreneurial personality and the Big Five personality traits, Personality and Individual Differences, 63 (2014), 58-63. Linstead, S, Marechal, G Griffin, R W 2014, Theorizing and Researching the Dark Side of Organization, Organization Studies, Vol. 35(2). 165-188. Liu, D, Liao, H Loi, R, 2012, The dark side of leadership: A three-level investigation of the cascading effect of abusive supervision on employee creativity,Academy of Management Journal,55(5), pp.1187-1212. Nanjundeswaraswamy T S Swamy, D R 2014, Leadership Styles, Advances In Management, Vol. 7(2). Pelletier, K L 2010, Leader toxicity: An empirical investigation of toxic behavior and rhetoric, Sage Publications. Sadeghi, A Pihie, Z A L 2012, Transformational Leadership and Its Predictive Effects on Leadership Effectiveness, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 3 No. 7. Slattery, C 2009, The dark side of leadership, Semann Slattery, Sydney. Melbourne. Takala, T 2010, Dark Leadership, Charisma and Trust, Psychology,. Scientific research. Washbush, J Clements, C 2014, The two faces of leadership: considering the dark side of leader- follower dynamics, Journal of Workplace Learning. Watters, A D S 2014, Research Report: The Dark Side of Leadership, Civil Service College.

Operation Management Strategy and Analysis free essay sample

The globalization of the economy and the liberalization of the trade markets have formulated new conditions in the market place which are characterized by instability and intensive competition in the business environment. Competition is continuously increasing with respect to price, quality and selection, service and promptness of delivery. Removal of barriers, international cooperation, technological innovations cause competition to intensify. All these changes impose the need for organizational transformation, where the entire processes, organization climate and organization structure are changed. Reengineering is one approach for redesigning the way work is done to better support the organizations mission and reduce costs. Reengineering starts with a high-level assessment of the organizations mission, strategic goals, and customer needs. Reengineering may not involve copying but, like benchmarking, is an agent for change. What is Reengineering? The term Re-engineering means re-thinking or reforming or transforming to achieve radical change in order to be competitive, to bring about rapid improvement in performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Operation Management Strategy and Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It means to re-engineer something that was engineered long ago in order to achieve desired performance as results. The concept mainly applies to an organization, particularly large organizations that have become inefficient over time that finds it difficult to be competitive using the archaic systems of governance, organizational processes and procedures. For organizational operations, Reengineering is the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance such as- cost, quality, service and speed. The concept is not about slight improvement or making an existing process better. It is about changing what exists. It is about radical change to achieve significant improvement in performance. Fundamentally it is about bringing change in mindset, and with widespread use it could significantly improve a nations performance. It is not an easy task and should not be tried with inexperienced people. There are proven methods and tools, but it can only succeed with experienced leadership and professionals. Many corporations and institutions, public and private, have successfully utilized this concept to significantly improve their economic performance. * Examples of Reengineering: How much reengineering is helpful for an organization, we can understand it from the following illustrations— * Florida Power and Light Company achieved a reduction in power outage per customer to 32 minutes, compared to 7 hours by its competitor, thorough reengineering. * CIGNA, a leading provider of insurance and related financial services in the United States, reported that each $1 invested in reengineering generated $2-$3 in returned benefits. Corning Asahi Video (CAV) Products won Computerworld’s Annual Reengineering Team of the Year Award for completing a 15-month project costing $570 million that resulted in halving fulfillment time and reducing per order ordering costs for CAV by 75%. * Digital Equipment Corporation successfully eliminated 450 positions through a reengineering project by consolidating 55 accounting groups into just five. * Progressive Insurance, thorugh reengineering, reduced time spent in settling claims from 31 days to just 4 hours. During the period 1987-1992, Banca di America e di Italia (BAI) doubled its revenue and attributed 24% of the increase to its reengineering efforts. * Pacific Bell’s first reengineering project was known as â€Å"Centrex Provisioning,† in which the company reported 36%-50% reduction in cost and over 20% reduction in errors. * C. R. England and Sons, thorough reengineering, was able to reduce its cost of sending its invoice a to mere $0. 15 compared to the average cost of $5. 10 that was incurred during the period 1989-1991. ATamp;T Capital Leasing Services, through reengineering, was able to increase its sales by 20% and decrease its credit approval tome by 39%. * Rank Xerox (U. K. ), through reengineering, reduced its order delivery time from 33 days to 6 days. * Inter-Mountain Health Care of Salt Lake City, through reengineering, reduced infection rates by half, resulting in an annual saving of approximately $750,000, and cut its adverse drug reduction cost by $900,000 per year. What Reengineering Is Not: Careful attention must be given to what reengineering is not, because much misconception exists in the business world today. Many boast of reengineering efforts and projects, but in reality, few fulfill the definition of reengineering. Projects that are not reengineering do not reap the enormous gains and radical changes inherent the methodology. Too often, executives and managers say they have reengineered and, when gains are small or nonexistent, develop a belief that reengineering does not work. This judgement is erroneous and often dissuades others from committing to the reengineering revolution. Reengineering is not about: * Accomplishing incremental or small-scale change. Reducing full-time equivalents (FTEs) to control costs. * Switching vendors or changing products. * Offering contests, slogans, or gimmicks. * Providing quality improvement initiatives. * Remodeling the physical plant. * Restructuring the organization. * Improving processes. * Developing new services. * Automating existing processes. * Improving systems. * Decreasing services. * Marketing. * Initiating mergers or joint ventures. Alt hough many of these items may well be techniques or outcomes of reengineering, in and of themselves, they are not essential features. The key to successful reengineering is to stay focused on the core features and elements of the process. The greatest mistake is to focus on the peripheral organizational elements. Confusion and frustration will generally result, and the overall objective of making radical changes and quantum leaps in performance will never be realized. * Types of Reengineering: There are different types of reengineering in business, such as— * Performance Management Productivity Analysis: Procedure analysis is a technique developed by industrial engineers to give the most accurate and reliable information about what a specific work or position is. Also it gives us a fair explanation of how a work can be performed to obtain desired results, and how much it costs. * Organization and Method Analysis: Procedure analysis finds areas that need improving and ways and ways of making improvements. The type and scope of procedure survey will vary depending on the purposes of the investigation and the size and nature of the instituion. In most cases an individual systems investigation would be aimed at solving one particular problem or analyzing one particular aspects of the systems of the institution. * System and Procedure Analysis and Design: While company policy and personnel procedures must exist within the framework of a business, many companies create written policy manuals to use as management guides for personnel procedures and company policy. * Formal Definition of Business Process Reengineering (BPR): BPR is concerned with the conversion of business process and not of computer processes. Reengineering is also known as Business Process Reengineering(BPR). Reengineering is â€Å"the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service and speed. (Hammer and Champy, 1993) The definition contains four key words: * Fundamental * Radical * Dramatic * Processes * Fundamental: In doing reengineering, business people must ask the following most basic questions about their companies and how they operate: * Why do we do what we do? * Why do we do it the way we do? Asking these fundamental questions forces people to look at the tacit rules and assumptions that underlie the way they conduct their businesses. Often, these rules turn out to be obsolete, erroneous, and inappropriate. Reengineering begins with no assumptions; in fact, companies that undertake reengineering must guard against the assumptions that most processes already have embedded in them. Reengineering first determines what a company must do, and then how to do it. Reengineering ignores what is and concentrates on what should be. * Radical: Radical, derived from the Latin word â€Å"radix†, means â€Å"root†. Consequently: * Radical redesign means getting to the root of things: not making superficial changes or fiddling with what is already in place, but throwing away the old. Radical redesign means disregarding all existing structures and procedures, and inventing completely new ways of accomplishing work. * Reenginerring is about business re-invention—not business improvement, business enhancement, or business modification. * Dramatic: Reengineering is not about making marginal or incremental improvements, but about achieving quantum leaps in performance. Marginal improvem ent requires only fine tuning; dramatic improvement demands replacing the old with something new. Reengineering should be brought in only when a need exists for heavy correction. Three kinds of companies undertake reengineering— * Companies that find themselves in deep trouble, that is, who are desperate. * Companies that are not yet in trouble but whose management has the foresight to see trouble coming. * Companies that are in peak condition and seek to consolidate and improve their position. * Processes: Process is a collection (set) of activities that take one or more kinds of input and create (produce) an output that is of value to the customer. It addresses the following questions— * How do you develop a new product? * What can we do what we do faster? How can we do what we do better? * How can we do what we do at a lower cost? * Why do we do what we do at all? Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is driven by the three Cs of customers, competition, and change. * Customers want products and sevices that fit their unique needs delivered to fit their schedules and priced to fit their budgets. Once a customer becomes acquainted with a higher level of quality or service, there is no going back. * Competition is becoming more intense, with successful companies offering a superior package of price, quality and service. Change is inevitable, and the pace of change in technological innovation is quickening. This means that companies have to move faster just to stand still. * History of Reengineering: Early Stage: The concept of reengineering originates from management theories developed as early as the 19th century. The purpose of reengineering is to make all business processes ‘best-in-class’. Frederick Taylor suggested in the 1880s that managers use process reengineering methods to discover the best processes for carrying out work, and that these processes be reengineered to achieve optimum productivity. BPR echoes the classical belief that there is one best way to conduct tasks. In Taylor’s time, technology did not allow large companies to design processes in a cross-functional or cross-departmental manner. Specialization was the state-of-the art method to improve efficiency, as per the technology of the time. BPR was first introduced to the business world by Frederick Taylor when he published his article, â€Å"The Principles of Scientific Management†, in the 1900s. Criticism: Scientific Management was the first step to the introduction of BPR, which turned out to be unsuccessful due to the many issues which were not resolved. During Taylor’s time, not many knowledgeable workers were employed in manufacturing, which was the main wealth generator. Scientific Management involved breaking the manufacturing process down to a ‘thoughtless’ cycle of simple sequences, which were to be carried out in the least amount of time possible with the minimum amount of effort. This often raised the factory workers’ salaries but also caused the workers to work extremely hard in backbreaking manual labour. This practice of improving efficiency in manufacturing often raised the concern of ‘dehumanization of the workplace’. The Scientific Management method gave birth to Total Quality Management in Japan after World War II, which eliminated many of the discrepancies that the previous method of improving the business structure had. William Deming and Joseph Juran helped Japan become an economic superpower by taking over market share from North American businesses with quality goods and services. Total Quality Management’s main goal is to improve manufacturing operations. In the early 1900s, Henry Fayol stated the concept of reengineering: To conduct the undertaking toward its objectives by seeking to derive optimum advantage from all available resources. The applicability of classical management theories, such as division of labour was widely duplicable and portable. These ideas stimulated increases in productivity, output, and income, that led to the creation of the middle class. Although the technological resources of our era have changed, the concept still holds. Criticism: About the same time, another business engineer, Lyndall Urwick, stated: â€Å"It is not enough to hold people accountable for certain activities; it is also essential to delegate to them the necessary authority to discharge that responsibility. Although Hammer and Champy are eager to declare that classical organization theory is obsolete, classical ideas such as division of labour have had an enduring power and applicability that reengineering has so far failed to demonstrate. BPR does not appear to qualify as a scientific theory because, among other things, it is not duplicable and it has limited scope. Development Stage: In the 1990s, Michael Hammer and Jame s Champy introduced their book ‘Reengineering the Corporation’, which gave birth to the term business process reengineering. Michael Hammer once said, â€Å"Serving the customer is not a mechanical act but one that provides an opportunity for fulfillment and meaning. †   Michael Hammer, a former professor of computer science at the  Massachusetts Institute of Technology  (MIT), published an article in the  Harvard Business Review, in which he claimed that- the major challenge for managers is to obliterate forms of work that do not add value, rather than using technology for automating it. This statement implicitly accused managers of having focused on the wrong issues, namely that technology in general, and more specifically information technology, has been used rimarily for automating existing processes rather than using it as an enabler for making non-value adding work obsolete. BPR is supposedly not a theory, but a technique. Hammer and Champy are, however, rather vague about the details. Despite their vagueness, Hammer and Champy are clear about the party to blame when reengineering atte mpts fail; it is the fault of the individual company. To the reengineering team, this will sound like a variation of ‘blaming the victim. ’ Cyert and March, among others, point out that conflict is often a driving force in organizational behaviour. BPR stresses teamwork, yet paradoxically, it must be â€Å"driven† by a leader who is prepared to be ruthless. It is good practice not to assume that one can simply issue directives from the headquarters and expect them to be carried out. Hammers claim was simple: Most of the work being done does not add any value for customers, and this work should be removed, not accelerated through automation. Instead, companies should reconsider their processes in order to maximize customer value, while minimizing the consumption of resources required for delivering their product or service. A similar idea was advocated by  Thomas H. Davenport  and J. Short in 1990,  at that time a member of the  Ernst amp; Young  research center, in a paper published in the  Sloan Management Review. This idea, to unbiasedly review a company’s  business processes, was rapidly adopted by a huge number of firms, which were striving for renewed  competitiveness, which they had lost due to the market entrance of foreign competitors, their inability to satisfy customer needs, and their insufficient cost structure. According to Thomas Davenport, â€Å"classical reengineering† repeats the same mistakes as the classical approach to management, by separating the design of work from its execution. Typically, a small engineering team, often from outside the company, designs work for the money. The team is fuelled by assumptions such as- â€Å"There is one best way to organize work; I can easily understand how you do your work today; I can design your work better than you can; There is little about your work now that is worth saving; You will do your work the way I specify. † Davenport suggests that the engineering model or analogy that BPR is based upon is flawed, both in terms of process design and information technology. He proposes an â€Å"ethnographic† approach to process design and an â€Å"ecological† approach to information systems. Even well established management thinkers, such as  Peter Drucker  and  Tom Peters, were accepting and advocating BPR as a new tool for re-achieving success in a dynamic world. During the following years, a fast growing number of publications, books as well as journal articles, were dedicated to BPR, and many consulting firms embarked on this trend and developed BPR methods. However, the critics were fast to claim that BPR was a way to dehumanize the work place, increase managerial control, and to justify  downsizing, i. . major reductions of the work force,  and a rebirth of  Taylorism  under a different label. Despite this critique, reengineering was adopted at an accelerating pace and by 1993, as many as 60% of the  Fortune 500  companies claimed to either have initiated reengineering efforts, or to have plans to do so. This trend was fueled by the fast adoption of BPR by the consulting industry, but also by the study  Made in America, conducted by MIT, that showed how companies in many US industries had lagged behind their foreign counterparts in terms of competitiveness,  time-to-market  and  productivity. Development after 1995 With the publication of critiques in 1995 and 1996 by some of the early BPR proponents, coupled with abuses and misuses of the concept by others, the reengineering fervor in the U. S. began to wane. Since then, considering business processes as a starting point for business analysis and redesign has become a widely accepted approach and is a standard part of the change methodology portfolio, but is typically performed in a less radical way as originally proposed. More recently, the concept of  Business Process Management  (BPM) has gained major attention in the corporate world and can be considered as a successor to the BPR wave of the 1990s, as it is evenly driven by a striving for process efficiency supported by information technology. Equivalently to the critique brought forward against BPR, BPM is now accused of focusing on technology and disregarding the people aspects of change. Reengineering Assumptions: A number of assumptions are associated with reengineering. The fundamental assumptions include: * Reengineering is top-down directed; * Reengineering leads to radical change; Reengineering focuses on end-to-end processes; * Reengineering assumes clean-state change; and * Reengineering is information technology enabled. Key Elements of Reengineering: Critical Processes: The emphasis of reengineering should be on core business processes rather than on functional departments such as purchasing or marketing. By focusing on processes, m anagers may spot opportunities to eliminate unnecessary work and supervisory activities, rather than worry about defending turf. Because of the time and energy involved, reengineering should be reserved for essential processes such as new-product development or customer service. Normal process-improvement activities can be continued with the other processes. Strong Leadership: Senior executive must provide strong leaderhip for reengineering to be successful. Otherwise, cynicism, resistance (â€Å"we tried that before†), and boundaries between financial areas can block radical changes. Managers can help overcome resistance by providing the clout necessary to ensure that the project proceeds within a strategic context. Executives should set and monitor key performance objectives for the process. Top management should also create a sense of urgency, making a case for change that is compelling and constantly refreshed. Cross functional Teams: A team, consisting of members from each functional area affected by the process change, is charged with carrying out a reengineering project. For instance, in reengineering the process of handling an insurance claim, three departments should be represented: customer service, adjusting, and accounting. Reengineering works best at high-involvement workplaces, where self-managing teams and employee empowerment are the rule rather than the exception. Top-down and bottom-up for deciding how to achieve them. Information Technology: Information technology is a primary enabler of process engineering. Most reengineering projects design processes around information flows such as customer order fulfillment. The process owners who will actually be responding to events in the marketplace need information networks and computer technology to do their jobs better. The reengineering team must determine who needs the information, when they need it, and where. Clean-Slate Philosophy: Reengineering requires a â€Å"clean state† philosophy-that is, starting with the way the customer wants to deal with the company. To ensure a customer orientation, teams begin, with internal and external customer objectives for the process. Often, teams first estblish a price target for the product or service, deduct profits desired, and then find a process that provides what the customer wants at the price the customer will pay. Reengineers start from the future and work backward, unconstarined by current approaches. Process analysis: Despite the clean-state philosophy, a reengineering team must understand things about the current process: what it does, how well it performs, and what factors affect it. Such understanding can reveal areas in which new thinking will provide the biggest payoff. The team must look at every procedure involved in the process throughout the organization, recording each step, questioning why it is done, and then eliminating everything that is not really necessary. Information on standing relative to the competition, process by process is also valuable. Core Features and Philosophy of Reengineering: Reengineering follows some core core features and philosophy which are shown in the following: 1. Radical Change: The focus is on radical change in processes and systems. 2. Discontinuous Thinking: It involves a radical departure from dysfunctional ways of doing and thinking; it means breaking old assumptions and rules. 3. Innovation: The emphasis on creativity and recreation, going where no one has gone before. 4. Dramatic Improvements: The major imperative is realization of quantum leaps in defined outcomes, yielding dramatic not just incremental improvements in processes and systems. 5. Start-From-Scratch Initiative: The focus on what can be, rather than what is. 6. Genesis Effect: It is a birth, a new beginning, a time of creation. 7. Cross-Functional: This is a synergistic process, crossing multiple functions and boundaries. . Futuristic: The emphasis is on future operations, not on the present or past, which demands visionary thinking and leadership. 9. Driven from The Top Down: This effort requires the absolute commitment and continuous support of top-level management to be successful. 10. Organization Focused: All elements of the organization are readily involved and po sitively affected. Objectives of Reengineering: When applying the BPR management technique to a business organization the implementation team effort is focused on the following objectives: Customer focus: Customer service oriented processes aiming to eliminate customer complaints. Quality: Obsession with the superior service and value to the customers. The level of quality is always the same controlled and monitored by the processes, and does not depend mainly on the person, who servicing the customer. Speed: Dramatic compression of the time it takes to complete a task for key business processes. For instance, if process before BPR had an average cycle time 5 hours, after BPR the average cycle time should be cut down to half an hour. Compression: Cutting major tasks of cost and capital, throughout the value chain. Organizing the processes a company develops transparency throughout the operational level reducing cost. For instance, the decision to buy a large amount of raw material at 50% discount is connected to eleven cross checkings in the organizational structure from cash flow, inventory, to production planning and marketing. These checkings become easily implemented within the cross-functional teams, optimizing the decision making and cutting operational cost. Flexibility: Adaptive processes and structures to changing conditions and competition. Being closer to the customer the company can develop the awareness mechanisms to rapidly spot the weak points and adapt to new requirements of the market. Innovation: Leadership through imaginative change providing to organization competitive advantage. Productivity: Improve drastically effectiveness and efficiency. In order to achieve the above mentioned adjectives the following BPR project methodology is proposed. Tools amp; Techniques: The various definitions of BPR suggest that the radical improvement of processes is the goal of BPR, but when we have a look at the literature we see that they do not refer specifically to the tools and techniques used in reengineering business processes. The result of this void is that some authors and consultants alike have pursued the use of many different tools in the search for the best reengineering application. These tools and techniques can be listed as below: * Tools of BPR: BPR tools are used more frequently on methodology- based BPR projects than on intuitive ones (Unless the user counts a piece of paper, a flow chart template, and a pencil as tools). In fact, some of the methodologies are based on the use of specific tools. Benefits of using BPR Tools: By using tools, the BPR practitioner expects to improve productivity, finish projects faster, produce higher quality results, and eliminate tedious housekeeping work in order to concentrate on value added work. To produce these benefits, BPR tools should be usable by businesspeople (managers and professionals), not technicians. They should enhance the clarity of the BPR team’s vision. They should enforce consistency in analysis and design, and they should ideally, permit iterative, top-down refinement from the BPR project goals to the solution. If the solution includes a computer system, the refinement should end with a working system. Finally, as with any investment, BPR tools should produce an acceptable return on investment. * Six Categories of BPR Tools – * Project Management: These tools are used for planning, scheduling, budgeting, reporting, and tracking projects. Some, such as Texas Instruments’ IEF/Project Manager, are integrated with other categories of tools, such as modeling, analysis, and systems development. Other project management tools, such as Harvard Project Manager or Microsoft Project for Windows, are standalone. Coordination: These tools are used to distribute plans and to communicate updated details of projects. The primary subcategories are E-mail, scheduling applications, shared spreadsheets, bulletin boards, and groupware. Some of these tools, such as Microsoft Excel or Lotus 1-2-3, support a single subcategory. Others, such as Lotus Notes or WordPerfect Office, support multiple subca tegories. * Modeling: These tools are used to make a model of something in order to understand its structure and workings. Most of the tools in this category are integrated computer-aided software engineering (ICASE) toolsets for integrated analysis, design, and development of computer systems. These include Texas Instruments’ IEF. Knowledgeware’s IEW, Popkin System Architect, and S/Cubed DAISYS. There are useful partial solutions, including spreadsheets. * Business Process Analysis: These tools are used for the systematic reduction of a business into its constituent parts and the examination of the interactions among those parts. In general, the same tools used for modeling are used for business process analysis. Indeed, analysis is necessary for modeling, although not vice versa. * Human Resource Analysis and Design: Tools used to design and establish the human or social part of reengineered processes are mostly standalone, partial solutions for specific, sometimes overlapping applications. One subcategory of these tools is used for requisition/candidate tracking and position history. Examples include—skills assessment (Performance Mentor), team building (Supersynch), compensation planning (Hi-Tech Employee Evaluation and Salary Manager), and organization charting (Corel Draw, Harvard Graphics). System Development: These tools are used to automate the reengineered business processes. Subcategories include the ICASE tools as well as visual programming (Microsoft Visual Basic), application frameworks (Borland Application Framework, Gupta SQL Base, and SQL Windows), coding workbenches (MicroFocus Cobol/2 Workbench, IBM OS/2 Workframe 2), object reuse libraries (Digitalk Smalltalk V, Borl and Object Vision), and test harnesses (McCabe amp; Associates Codebreaker, Software Research M-Test). * Techniques of BPR: Some common techniques for BPR are— * Process Visualization: While many authors refer to the need to develop an ideal end state for processes to be reengineered, Barrett (1994) suggests that the key to successful reengineering lies in the development of a vision of the process. * Process Mapping and Modeling: Process flowcharting, IDEF, role activity diagramming etc. * Change Management: Several authors concentrate on the need to take account of the human side of reengineering, in particular the management of organizational change. Some authors suggest that the management of change is the largest task in reengineering. Kennedy (1994) on the other hand, incorporates the human element of reengineering due to the perceived threat it has on work methods and jobs. * Benchmarking: Several authors suggest that benchmarking forms an integral part of reengineering, since it allows the visualization and development of processes which are known to be in operation in other organizations. * Process and Customer Focus: The primary aim of BPR, according to some authors, is to redesign processes with regard to improving performance from the customer’s perspective. Problem Solving and Diagnosis: Pare to diagramming, cognitive mapping etc. * Process Prototyping and Simulation: Simulation has proven to be an effective tool in just about all facets of the reengineering process. It allows BPR practitioners to determine which processes should be reengineered and if proposed changes will have a productive impact. Simulation provides a structured environment in which they can better understand, analyze and improve their processes. * Project Management: Budgeting, project scheduling etc. * Process Measurement: Activity-based costing, statistical process control etc. It should be noted that few authors refer to any single technique when discussing BPR. Most incorporate and integrate a mixture of tools and techniques for change effectively and for the success of BPR project. Resource Person for Reengineering: The implementation of reengineering needs people who have different roles in the reengineering horizon. The selection of people who will reengineer is a critical success factor in reengineering. The roles played by people in reengineering are as follows: 1. Leader: The leader is a senior executive who authorizes and motivates the overall reengineering effort. 2. Process Owner: The process owner is a manager with responsibilities of the process that is reengineered. It is this process that is reengineered. 3. Reengineered Team: The reengineering team is a group of individuals who are dedicated to reengineering of the particular process. 4. Steering Committee: The steering committee is a strategy team, consisting of senior managers who will make the strategy for reengineering in the company and monitor the reengineering effort. 5. Reengineering ‘Czar’: The reengineering czar is the individual responsible for developing reengineering techniques and tools within the company, and achieving synergy across various reengineering efforts that are going on in the organization. The czar has two important functions: a) Enabling and supporting the process owners and reengineering teams, and b) Coordinating all the ongoing reengineering activities in the organization. Principles of Reengineering: Reengineering is about achieving a significant improvement in processes so that contemporary customer requirements of quality, speed, innovation, customization, and service are met. Hammer has proposed seven principles or rules for reengineering and integration. Rule 1. Organize around Outcomes, Not Tasks: Several specialized tasks previously performed by different people should be combined into a single job. This could be performed by an individual â€Å"case worker† or by a â€Å"case team†. The new job created should involve all the steps in a process that creates a well-defined outcome. Organizing around outcomes eliminates the need for handoffs, resulting in greater speed, productivity, and customer reponsiveness. It also provides a single knowledgeable point of contact for the customer. Rule 2. Have Those Who Use the Output of the Process Perform the Process: In other words, work should be carried out where it makes the most sense to do it. This results in people closest to the process actually performing the work, which shifts work across traditional intra-and interorganizational boundaries. For instance, employees can make some of their own purchases without going through purchasing, customers can perform simple repairs themselves, and suppliers can be asked to manage parts inventory. Relocating work in this fashion eliminates the need to coordinate the performers and users of a process. Rule 3. Merge Information-Processing Work into the Real Work that Produces the Information: This means that people who collect information should also be responsible for processing it. It minimizes the need for another group to reconcile and process that information, and greatly reduces errors by cutting the number of external contact points for a process. A typical accounts payable department that reconciles purchase orders, receiving notices, and supplier invoices is a case in point. By eliminating the need for invoices by processing orders and receiving information online, much of the work done in the traditional accounts payable function becomes unnecessary. Rule 4. Treat Geographically Dispersed Resources as Though They Were Centralized: Information technology now makes the concept of hybrid centralized/decentralized operations a reality. It facilitates the parallel processing of work by separate organizational units that perform the same job, while improving the company’s overall control. For instance, centralized databases and telecommunication networks now allow companies to link with separate units or individual field personnel, providing them with economies of scale while maintaining their individual flexibility and responsiveness to customers. Rule 5. Link Parallel Activities Instead of Integrating Their Results: The concept of integrating only the outcomes of parallel activities that must eventually come together is the primary cause for rework, high costs, and delays in the final outcome of the overall process. Such parallel activities should be linked continually and coordinated during the process. Rule 6. Put the Decision Point Where the Work Is Performed, and Build Control into the Process: Decision making should be made part of the work performed. This is possible today with a more educated and knowledgeable workforce plus decision-aiding technology. Controls are now made part of the process. The vertical compression that results produces flatter, more responsive organizations. Rule 7. Capture Information Once-at the Source: Information should be collected and captured in the company’s online information system only once-at the source where it was created.